Figure 4. Summary phylogeny of the sections of Piper from Bayesian analysis of nuclear ITS and plastid psbJ-petA sequences (redrawn from Jaramillo et al. 2008). Numbers above branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities, and numbers in the triangles indicate the approximate number of species in each section. Placement of the myrmecophytes within New World Piper are shown. Each myrmecophyte subgroup is nested within a clade of non-myrmecophytes, indicating at least three independent origins of ant-plant association in New World Piper.