Figure 2. Piper pterocladum: (a) habit; note the winged stems characteristic of this species. (b, c) nodes showing the variable location of the entrance hole in this species (arrows): below the petiole in b, and above the petiole in c. Compare to Figure 2a for scale. (d) Cross section through the stem showing the stem cavity. (e) Close-up of the cavity wall showing living cells (transparent), and cell wall remains of lysed cells (red).