Figure 1. Effects of PA1b on the lady beetle H. axyridis. Tests were done with artificial diet supplemented with the toxin (250 μg/g), and the development of the insects was monitored daily. First bar, control insects; second bar, tested insects. P, Pupae; pP, Pre-pupae; L4, 4^th instar larvae; L3, 3^rd instar larvae.