Figure 2. Effect of E. mundus non-penetrating and penetrating 1st instar larvae on host ecdysteroid titers. A, whiteflies reared on sweet potato; B, reared on green bean. B. tabaci and E. mundus were reared, parasitization was performed and ecdysteroid titers were determined from whole-body methanolic extracts as described in Materials and Methods. Each value represents the mean ± S.E. of at least 11 separate determinations. C = Control Stage-2 whitefly nymphs; Wf + P= Stage-2 host whiteflies with non-penetrating or penetrating parasitoids; P = parasitoids. The third bar (Wf) for each experimental set (non-penetrating and penetrating) provides the mean value of the host alone (value obtained by subtracting the ecdysteroid titer in the sample containing parasitoids from the ecdysteroid titer in the samples containing whitefly hosts and their parasitoids). Significant difference was determined for bars having upper case letters and separately, for those having lower case letters. Bars having different lower case letters were significantly different and bars having different upper case letters were significantly different (One-way ANOVA following by Tukey’s Comparsion of Means Test, α = 0.05).