Fig. 1: Average frass count of females with standard errors and sample sizes for control (empty bars) and infected (shaded bars) beetles for each indicated day. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between control and treatment (repeated measures ANOVA testing the effects of sex, infection status, day and their interactions on frass production). The overall effects of sex, infection status and day were significant at p < 0.001. On days 13-16, infected females produced more frass than control females (d.f. = 141, t-value = -3.29, adjusted p < 0.003 for Bonferroni post hoc comparisons).