Table 1 Percentage mortality of various beneficial insect species presented with two different fruit fly baits. Trials with all insects except Scymnus sp., A. melinus, and O. insidiosus were performed in wax paper cups (surface area = 98.1 cm2). Trials with the former insects were performed in Petri dishes (surface area = 11.8 cm2) due to their small size. Alternative food was supplied in the form of 1 µl droplets of diluted honey and, for coccinellids and chrysopid larvae, frozen Ephestia eggs. Control insects received 'blank' baits (bait formulations without the active ingredient), whereas treatment insects received baits containing the active ingredient (Nu-Lure = malathion, GF-120 = Spinosad). Adult insects were held for 24 h post-treatment; larvae were reared out to adults. Differences in mortality between control and treatment insects were compared by a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test performed on numbers of surviving insects. *(C/T) = n (control group) / n (treatment group)

% Mortality % Mortality Family / Species Life Stage Nu-Lure Control Nu-Lure Treatment n P GF-120 GF-120 n P (C/T)* Control Treatment (C/T)* Coccinellidae   Curinous coeruleus adults 0.0 90.0 50/50 < 0.001 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns   3rd instar larvae 0.0 100.0 20/20 < 0.001 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns Cycloneda sanguinea adults 25.0 65.0 20/20 < 0.05 5.0 0.0 20/20 ns   3rd instar larvae 5.0 85.0 20/20 < 0.001 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns Exochomus childreni adults 0.0 15.0 20/20 ns 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns   3rd instar larvae 0.0 50.0 20/20 < 0.05 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns Harmonia axyridis adults 0.0 83.3 18/18 < 0.001 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns   3rd instar larvae 0.0 100.0 20/20 < 0.001 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns Olla v-nigrum adults 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns   3rd instar larvae 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns Scymnus sp. adults 0.0 20.0 10/10 ns 0.0 0.0 14/13 ns Chamaemyiidae   Leucopis sp. adults 0.0 70.0 10/10 < 0.05 0.0 0.0 10/10 ns Syrphidae   Pseudodorus clavatus adults 18.5 100.0 27/23 < 0.001 4.8 9.5 21/21 ns Aphelinidae   Aphytis melinus adults 0.0 100.0 25/25 < 0.001 8.0 88.0 25/25 < 0.001 Aphidiidae   Lysiphlebus testaceipes adults 17.6 94.1 34/34 < 0.001 0.0 80.0 20/20 < 0.001 Anthocoridae   Orius insidiosus 3rd instar larvae 0.0 4.0 25/25 ns 4.0 4.0 25/25 ns Chrysopidae   Chrysoperla rufilabris adults 31.3 90.6 32/32 < 0.001 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns   3rd instar larvae 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns 0.0 0.0 20/20 ns