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Table 1 Review of the use of magnetic resonance imaging microscopy (MRM) in entomology. Studies are in vivo, unless stated otherwise.
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(a) Parasitology
| Host |
Parasite |
Study details |
Reference |
Periplaneta fuliginosa (Smoky-brown cockroach, Blatteria: Blattellidae) |
Cockroach densovirus |
Imaging of infected hosts |
Takahashi et al., 1989 |
| Ploidia interpunctella (Indian meal moth, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) |
Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) |
Imaging of parasitoid development and behaviourImaging of host tissue degradation |
Chudek et al., 1996 |
| Coccinella septempunctata (7-spot ladybird, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) |
Dinocampus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) |
Imaging of parasitoid larvaeIdentification of parasitoid in hostImaging of host tissue degradation |
Chudek et al., 1998Geoghegan et al., 2000 |
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(b) Development
| Organism |
Study details |
Reference |
Schistocerca gregaria (African migratory locust, Orthoptera: Acrididae) |
Embyogenesis by imaging of eggs from just after fertilisation to a few days before hatching |
Gassner & Lohman, 1987 Lohman & Gassner, 1987 |
| Manduca sexta (Tobacco hornworm, Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) |
Imaging of the developing caterpillar to a resolution of 100µm Detection of motion using MRM |
Conner et al., 1988 |
| Pieris brassicae (Cabbage butterfly, Lepidoptera: Pieridae) |
Imaging of pupal developmentSeparate determination of waster and lipid distribution by chemical shift selective imaging |
Goodman et al., 1995 |
| Graphiphora augur (Double dart, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) |
Imaging of pupal developmentImaging of organ systemsSeparate determination of water and lipid distribution by chemical shift selective imaging |
Goodman et al., 1995 |
| Spodoptera litura (Tropical armyworm, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) |
Imaging of larvae for technological development purposes |
Skibbe et al, 1995b |
| Bombyx mori (Silkworm, Lepidoptera, Bombicidae) |
Imaging of larvae and pupae during postembyonal metamorphosisImaging and characterisation of silk glands during metamorphosis |
Mapelli et al., 1997 |
| Sarcophaga peregrina (Flesh fly, Diptera: Sarcophagidae) |
Imaging of pre-pupal and pupal developmentDevelopment of imaginal tissues |
Price et al., 1999 |
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(c) Metabolism
| Organism |
Study details |
Reference |
| Spodoptera litura (tropical armyworm, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) |
Chemical shift imaging of pH metabolism in the midgut |
Skibbe et al., 1995a |
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(d) Biomagnetism
| Organism |
Study details |
Reference |
| Solenopsis invicta (fire ant, Hymenoptera, Formicidae) |
Imaging of ferromagnetic substances in the heads of workers, queens and males, possibly used in orientation behaviour. |
Slowik et al., 1997 |
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(e) General morphology
| Organism |
Study details |
Reference |
| Apis mellifera (honey bee, Hymenoptera, Apidae) |
Imaging of internal structures of queens and drones. Ovary, crop, midgut, spermatheca, median oviduct, sting cavity, rectum and air sacs of the queen could be identified. |
Tomanek et al., 1996 |
| Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) |
Imaging of the internal structures of an ant. The digestive tract is clearly visible. |
Fresneau et al., 1991 |
| Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly, Diptera, Drosophilidae) |
Imaging, but images are poorly resolved. |
Fresneau et al., 1991 |
| Pachycondyla apicalis, Dinoponera australis and D. quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) |
Imaging of ants kept in cooling chamber, but organs poorly resolved because of organ movements and muscle contractions. In vitro imaging yields better resolution; e.g. the ovaries are clearly visible. |
Struyf, 1997 |
| Sarcophaga bullata (blowfly, Diptera, Sarcophagidae) |
Imaging of the brains of wax-immobilized blowflies. Excellent resolution but increased post-imaging mortality. |
Jasanoff & Sun, 2002 |
| Dytiscus marginalis (diving beetle, Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) |
In vitro imaging to attain a spatial resolution of 30µm in less than 1 hour |
Wecker et al., 2002 |
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